Archives
Like Wolves in a Pack: Predatory alliances of bullies in nursing
Marie Hutchinson
NFORCE Research Group, College of Law and Business, University of Western Sydney, Sydney NSW
Margaret H Vickers
Associate Professor, School of Management - NFORCE Research Group, University of Western Sydney, NSW
Debra Jackson
Professorial Fellow, School of Nursing, Family and Community Health, University of Western Sydney, NSW
Lesley Wilkes
Professor, School of Nursing - NFORCE Research Group, University of Western Sydney, NSW
Abstract
The findings from the first, qualitative stage of a larger sequential mixed method study of bullying in the Australian nursing workplace are reported. Interviews with twenty-six nurses, recruited from two health care organizations, were analysed using the constant comparative method.
Participants described informal organizational networks as the mechanism through which predatory, co-operative, and planned group bullying acts were promulgated. These predatory alliances enabled the co-option of legitimate organizational systems, the concealment of bullying, and the protection and promotion of perpetrators.
By identifying the manner in which workplace bullying can be embedded within informal organizational networks, this research has important implications for further research in this field.
Keywords
bullying, mobbing, predatory alliances, organizational networks, nursing
References
Angot J and Josserand E (2001) Analyzing social networks, in R Theitart (ed) Doing management research: A comprehensive guide, pp 312-331, Sage, London.
Archer D (1999) Exploring 'bullying' culture in the para-military organization, International Journal of Manpower 20(1/2): 94-105.
Baumeister RF (1999) Evil: Inside human violence and cruelty, WH Freeman, New York.
Bennett RJ and Robinson SL (2000) The past, present and future of workplace deviance research, in Greenberg J (ed) Organizational behavior: The state of the science, pp 247-281, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah NJ.
Beugre CD (1998) Understanding organizational insider-perpetrated workplace aggression: an integrative model, in Wonnestohl W (ed) Research in the sociology of organizations: Deviance in and of organizations, JAI Press, Connecticut.
Bogdon RC and Biklen SK (1982) Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theory and method, Allyn and Bacon, Boston.
Brass DJ, Butterfield KD and Skaggs BC (1998) Relationships and unethical behaviour: A social network perspective, The Academy of Management Review 23(1): 14-31.
Brass DJ and Burkhardt ME (1993) Potential power and power use: An investigation of structure and behavior, The Academy of Management Journal 36(3): 441-471.
Coleman WJ (1987) Toward an integrated theory of white collar crime, American Journal of Sociology 93(2): 406-439.
Coleman WJ and Ramos LL (1998) Subcultures and deviant behaviour in the organizational context, in Sonnestohl WJ (ed) Research in the sociology of organizations: Deviance in and of organizations, pp 3-31, JAI Press, Connecticut.
Cresswell J (1994) Research design: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Sage, London.
Cresswell J, Fetters A and Ivankova N (2004) Designing a mixed method study in primary care, Annals of Family Medicine 2(1): 7-12.
Cross R and Parker A (2004) The hidden power of social networks: Understanding how work really gets done in organizations, Harvard Business School Press, Boston Massachusetts.
DiMaggio P (1992) Nadels paradox revisited: relational and cultural aspects of organizational structure, in Eccles R (ed) Networks and organizations: Structure, form and action, pp 118-142, Harvard Business School Press, Boston Massachusetts.
Edwards J and Burnard P (2003) A systematic review of stress and stress management interventions for mental health nurses, Journal of Advanced Nursing 42(2): 169-178.
Einarsen S (1999) The nature and causes of bullying at work, International Journal of Manpower 20(1/2): 16-27.
Einarson S (2000) Bullying and harassment at work: A review of the Scandinavian approach, Aggression and Violent Behaviour 5(4): 379-410.
Einarsen SE, Hoel H, Zapf D and Cooper CL (2003) The concept of bullying at work: The European tradition, in Einarson S, Hoel H, Zapf D and Cooper C (eds) Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspectives in research and practice, pp 3-30, Taylor and Francis, London.
Einarsen S, Raknes BI and Matthiesen SB (1994) Bullying and harassment at work and their relationships to work environment quality, European Work and Organizational Psychologist 4(10): 381-410.
Eisenhardt KM and Bourgeois LJ (1988) Politics of strategic decision-making in high velocity environments: Towards a midrange theory, Academy of Management Journal 31(4): 737-770.
Farrell G (1999) Aggression in clinical settings: Nurse's views - a follow up study, Journal of Advanced Nursing 29(3): 26-33.
Gulati R and Gargiulo M (1999) Where do interorganizational networks come from? The American Journal of Sociology 104(5): 1439-1491.
Hockley C (2002) Silent hell: Workplace violence and bullying, Peacock Publications, Norwood South Australia.
Hoel H, Einarsen S and Cooper C (2003) Organizational effects of bullying, in Einarson S, Hoel H, Zapf D and Cooper C (eds) Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspectives in research and practice, pp 145-161, Taylor and Francis, London.
Hutchinson M, Vickers MH, Jackson D and Wilkes L (2005) 'I'm gonna do what I wanna do!': Organizational change as a legitimized vehicle for bullies, Health Care Management Review 30(4): 331-338.
Ibarra H (1992) Structural alignments, individual strategies, and managerial action: Elements toward a network theory of getting things done, in Eccles RG (ed) Networks and organizations: Structure, form and action, pp 164-188, Harvard Business School Press, Boston Massachusetts.
Johnson P and Harris D (2002) Qualitative and quantitative issues in research design, in Partington D (ed) Essential skills in management research, pp 99-116, Sage Publications, London.
Johnson B and Turner L (2003) Data collection strategies in mixed method research, in Teddie C (ed) Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioural research, pp 297-320, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks California.
Jupp V, Davies P and Francis P (1999) The features of invisible of crime, in Jupp V (ed) Invisible crimes: their victims and regulation, pp 3-28, MacMillan Press, Hampshire UK.
Keel RO (1999) Ethnomethodological perspective (on Crime and deviance), in Bryant C (ed) Encyclopedia of Criminology and Deviance, pp 148-152, Taylor and Francis, London.
Kivimäki M, Virtanen M, Vartia M, Elovainio M, Vahtera J and Keltikangas-Järvinen L (2003) Workplace bullying and the risk of cardiovascular disease and depression, Occupational and Environmental Medicine 60: 779-783.
Koch T (1994) Establishing rigour in qualitative research: The decision trail, Journal of Advanced Nursing 19: 976-986.
Leonard F (1985) Clique formation in a regional health planning agency, Human Relations 38(9): 895-911.
Leymann H (1996) The content and development of mobbing at work, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 5(2): 168-184.
Lincoln YS and Guba EG (1985) Naturalistic inquiry, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills California.
Mac Lean TL (2001) Thick as thieves: A social embeddedness model of rule breaking in organizations, Business and Society 40(2): 167-197.
Mackenzie-Davey K and Liefhooge A (2003) Voice and power: A critical investigation of accounts of bullying in organizations, in Schenk M (ed) Communication research and media science in Europe, pp 180-191, DeGruyter, Berlin.
Many Raab J and Milward HB (2003) Dark networks as problems, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 13(4): 413-439.
McCarthy P (1996) When the mask slips: Inappropriate coercion in organizations undergoing restructuring, in McCarthy P, Sheehan M and Wilkie W (eds) Bullying: From Backyard to Boardroom, pp 47-65, Millennium Books, Beyond Bullying Association, Sydney.
McCarthy P, Sheehan M and Kearn D (1995) Managerial styles and their effects on employees health and well-being in organizations undergoing restructuring, School of Organizational Behaviour and Human Resource Management, Faculty of Commerce and Administration, Griffith University, Brisbane Australia.
McMahon G (1996) Bullying using organizational procedures, in McCarthy P Sheehan M and Wilkie W (eds) Bullying: From Backyard to Boardroom, pp 54-62, Millennium Books, Beyond Bullying Association, Sydney.
Mikkelsen EG and Einarsen S (2002) Basic assumptions and symptoms of posttraumatic stress among victims of bullying at work, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 11(1): 87-111.
Miles M and Hubermann H (1994) Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks California.
Mintzberg H (2003) The organization as a political arena, in Clegg S (ed) Central currents in organization studies, Volume 5: Political relations and arena both in and around organizations, pp 50-69, Sage Publications, London.
Nohria N (1992) Is a network perspective a useful way of studying organizations?, in Eccles R (ed) Networks and organizations: Structure, form and action, pp 1-53, Harvard Business School Press, Boston Massachusetts.
O'Leary-Kelly AM Griffin RW and Glew DJ (1996) Organization-motivated aggression: A research framework, Academy of Management Review 21(1): 225-253.
Prasad A and Prasad P (1998) Everyday struggles at the workplace: The nature and implications of routine resistance in contemporary organizations, in Sonnestohl WJ (ed) Research in the sociology of organizations: Deviance in and of organizations, pp 225-255, JAI Press, Stamford Connecticut.
Probert B (1999) Mothers in the labour force: A step forward and two back? Family Matters 54: 60-64.
Quine L (1999) Workplace bullying in NHS community trust: Staff questionnaire survey, British Medical Journal 318: 228-232.
Quine L (2002) Workplace bullying in junior doctors in the UK, British Medical Journal 354: 878-879.
Randle J (2003) Changes in self-esteem during a 3-year pre-registration Diploma in Higher Education (Nursing) programme, Journal of Clinical Nursing 12(1): 142-143.
Rayner C and Cooper C (1997) Workplace bullying: Myth or reality - can we afford to ignore it? Leadership and Organization Development Journal 18(4): 211-214.
Reeves M (2000) Suppressed, forced out and fired: How successful women lose their jobs, Quorum Books, Westport Connecticut.
Richards L (1999) Using NVivo in qualitative research, Sage Publications, Melbourne Australia.
Robinson SL and O'Leary-Kelly AM (1998) Monkey see, monkey do: The influence of work groups on the antisocial behavior of employees, Academy of Management Journal 41(6): 658-671.
Sagie A, Stashevsky S and Koslowsky M (2003) Introduction: Misbehaviour in organizations, in Koslowsky M (ed) Misbehaviour and dysfunctional attitudes in organizations, pp 1-12, Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire UK.
Salin D (2003) Ways of explaining workplace bullying: A review of enabling, motivating, and precipitating structures and processes in the work environment, Human Relations 56(10): 1213-1232.
Tolbert PS and Zucker LG (1996) The institutionalisation of institutional theory, in Nord WR (ed) Handbook of organization studies, Sage Publications, London.
Van den Heuval A (1993) When roles overlap: Workers with family responsibilities, Australian Institute of Family Studies, Melbourne.
Van Manen M (1990) Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy, New York State University Press, New York.
Vardi Y and Weitz E (2003) Personal and positional antecedents of organizational misbehaviour, in Koslowsky M (ed) Misbehaviour and dysfunctional attitudes in organizations, pp 165-184, Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire UK.
Vardi Y and Weitz E (2004) Misbehaviour in organizations: Theory, research and management, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey.
Vickers MH (2002) Bullying as unacknowledged organizational evil: A researcher's story, Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal 13(4): 207-217.
Yamada DC (2000) The phenomenon of 'workplace bullying' and the need for status-blind hostile work environment protection, Georgetown Law Journal 88(3): 475-536.
Zapf D (1999) Organizational, work group related and personal causes of mobbing/bullying at work, International Journal of Manpower 20(1/2): 70-85.
Zapf D and Einarsen S (2003) Individual antecedents of bullying: Victims and perpetrators, in Einarson S, Hoel H, Zapf D and Cooper C (eds) Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspectives in research and practice, pp 165-184, Taylor and Francis, London.
Zauderer DG (2002) Workplace incivility and the management of human capital: How to build a community where people feel included, welcomed, and work together with mutual respect to enhance individual and organizational productivity, The Public Manager 31(1): 36-52.
Zellars KL, Tepper BJ and Duffy MK (2002) Abusive supervision and subordinates organizational citizenship behaviour, Journal of Applied Psychology 87(6): 1068-1076.

eContent Home
